DAILY LECTURE AND DISCUSSION NOTES 19-3

Society
and Industry

Did
You Know?

The United States
has child labor laws that do not allow children younger than age 18 to work
without a permit. However, in many developing countries, children work in
factories to help provide for their families.

I. Industry
Changes Society (pages 732–734)

A.
The
Industrial Revolution resulted in urbanization, or
the growth of cities.

B.
The growth of industry allowed business owners to live like
nobles and enjoy incredible wealth. The middle class also enjoyed more wealth.
Industry also created a working class.

C.
Working conditions in factories were unhealthy, and living
conditions in the cities for working-class families were horrible.

D.
Some reformers helped factory workers by reducing the number of
work hours, pollution, and unclean food and water in cities.

E.
Despite the wretched conditions, city life had many benefits,
including parks, education, and libraries.

F.
Industry changed women’s role in society. They began to
work outside the home, had more opportunities for education, and had smaller
families.

G.
During the 1800s, women began to demand equal rights,
especially the right to vote.

Discussion
Questions

What
were some of the benefits of living in the cities and working in factories? (Many
people could not find work on farms, but could find work in factories. Families
who worked in factories had more money than many who worked on farms, and the
cities provided more leisure activities, such as sports and concerts. Children
could also get an education in city schools and play in the parks.)

II.
New Political Ideas (pages
734–736)

A.
Liberalism is a political philosophy
based on the Enlightenment.
Liberals in the 1800s believed in people’s basic rights, but they
did not believe that everyone had the right to vote.

B.
Middle-class business owners liked liberalism and believed
government should not interfere with business. This idea is known as
laissez-faire, which means “to let be.”

C.
Utilitarianism promoted full rights for women, better
education, and improved health services.

D.
Socialism endorsed the idea that the
means of production should be owned and controlled by society, through the
government. Karl Marx was
a German thinker and writer who developed ideas in socialism.  His ideas were later called Marxism.

E.
Labor unions are
associations of workers who unite to improve wages and working conditions. Many
unions in Europe supported socialist political
parties.

Discussion
Question

How
does socialism differ from the idea of laissez-faire? (A
laissez-faire government is one that does not interfere in business. A
socialist government, however, controls business for society.)

III.
New Art and Literature (pages
736–737)

A.
Romanticism valued feelings and the imagination. Romantic
artists and writers included the poet William Wordsworth, the painter Eugène Delacroix, and the musician Ludwig van
Beethoven.

B.
The realism movement focused on life as it really was, not on
feelings. Novelists Charles Dickens and Leo Tolstoy and painter Gustave Courbet were realists.

C.
Modernism was a movement that studied social problems, such as
alcoholism, women’s rights, and crime. Novelist Theodore Dreiser and
dramatist Henrik Ibsen explored these issues.

D.
Symbolist poets believed the outer world was only a reflection
of a person’s individual reality.

E.
Impressionism was a modernist movement in painting. Famous
impressionists include Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, and Mary Cassatt. The
musician Claude Debussy translated impressionist ideas into music.

Discussion
Question

How
does romanticism differ from realism? (Romanticism
focuses on feelings, and romantics tried to escape
from industrialized society. Realism focuses on real life, not feelings, and
realists chose to examine industrialized society more closely.)

IV.
Science and Medicine (pages
738–741)

A.
Vaccines were one of the first important medical advances. Louis
Pasteur discovered bacteria and proved that
killing them could prevent diseases. The discovery of anesthesia and the
sterilization of medical equipment helped promote safe surgeries.

B.
Gregor
Mendel, known as the father of genetics, developed a system of rules to predict
whether a living organism would inherit traits from its parents.

C.
Scientists began to learn more about atomic theory, which is
the idea that everything is made up of tiny particles called atoms.

D.
Marie and Pierre Curie discovered radium in 1898.

E.
Albert Einstein stated that
space and time were relative and changing, rather than permanent and
unchanging. This is known as Einstein’s theory of relativity.

F.
Charles Darwin concluded that
plants and people change over time, and living things that survive do so
because they are better adapted to their environment. Darwin also believed that humans developed
from animal species.

G.
Social Darwinism is the belief that different countries,
companies, and people engage in economic competition, and the weaker ones will
fail.

Discussion
Questions

What
was a negative consequence of Einstein’s work? (Einstein’s
equation

E = Mc2
eventually led to the creation of the
atom bomb, promoting nuclear weapons.)