Name: 
 

Enlightenment and Revolution


Matching
 
 
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a.
Spanish Armada
f.
Mary Wollstonecraft
b.
John Rolfe
g.
Navigation Acts
c.
Copernicus
h.
Thomas Hobbes
d.
science
i.
cottage industry
e.
caravel
j.
Tom Paine
 

 1. 

 organized study of how the natural world works
 

 2. 

 an improved Portuguese ship that allowed exploration of the oceans
 

 3. 

 wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
 

 4. 

 thought that people were naturally selfish and violent
 

 5. 

 system of producing goods by “putting out” to individual peasants
 

 6. 

 wrote Common Sense
 

 7. 

 defeated by the English in 1588
 

 8. 

 controlled where American colonists could sell their raw materials
 

 9. 

 discovered tobacco would grow in Virginia
 

 10. 

 scientist who theorized that the sun was at the center of the universe
 
 
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a.
astrolabe
f.
Columbian Exchange
b.
mercantilism
g.
Henry the Navigator
c.
theory
h.
René Descartes
d.
deism
i.
Louis XIV
e.
Johannes Kepler
j.
Ferdinand Magellan
 

 11. 

 global exchange of people, goods, ideas, and diseases
 

 12. 

 theorized planets moved in oval paths around the sun
 

 13. 

 Portuguese prince who mapped Africa’s coastline
 

 14. 

 “I think, therefore I am”
 

 15. 

 device used to find latitude
 

 16. 

 the Sun King who ruled France for 72 years
 

 17. 

 religious belief based on reason
 

 18. 

 named the Pacific Ocean
 

 19. 

 the idea that a country gains power by building up a supply of gold and silver
 

 20. 

 explanation of how something works based on facts
 

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 
 
“. . . The Admiral . . . commanded his fleet not to fall upon [the Spanish ships]. . . . Notwithstanding, the Vice-Admiral, Sir Richard Grenville, being in the ship called the Revenge, went into the Spanish fleet and shot among them, doing them great hurt; and thinking the rest of the company would have followed: which they did not, but left him there and sailed away. The cause why, could not be known. Which the Spaniards perceiving, with seven or eight ships they boarded her: but she withstood them all, fighting with them, at the least, twelve hours together: and sank two of them. . . . But, in the end, by reason of the number that came upon her, she was taken; to their great loss: for they had lost in fighting and by drowning, above four hundred men. Of the Englishmen, there were slain about a hundred.”
—John Huyghen Van Linschoten,
as quoted in Eyewitness to History
 

 21. 
mc021-1.jpg Who disobeyed the Admiral’s orders to attack the Spanish?
a.
Drake
c.
the Admiral
b.
Grenville
d.
three of the ships
 

 22. 
mc022-1.jpg What did Grenville wrongly believe?
a.
The other ships would leave him on his own.
b.
The other ships would come with him.
c.
The Spaniards were undefeatable.
d.
The Admiral disliked him.
 

 23. 
mc023-1.jpg How long did the Revenge hold off the Spaniards who were trying to board?
a.
one day
c.
twelve hours
b.
two days
d.
seventy-two hours
 

 24. 
mc024-1.jpg What price did the Spaniards pay for their victory?
a.
two ships and one hundred men
c.
seven or eight ships
b.
two ships and four hundred men
d.
seventy gold doubloons
 

 25. 
mc025-1.jpg How does the author feel about Grenville?
a.
He dislikes Grenville.
c.
He admires Grenville’s bravery.
b.
He is puzzled by Grenville.
d.
He dislikes Grenville’s foolishness.
 
 
“About ten a clocke we came into a deepe Valley, full of brush, wood-gaile, and long grasse, through which wee found little paths or tracts, and there we saw a Deere, and found Springs of fresh Water, of which we were hartily glad, and sat us downe and drunke our first New England Water, with as much delight as ever we drunke drinke in all our lives. . . . On Munday we found a very good Harbour for our shipping, we marched also into the Land, and found divers corne Fields and little running Brookes, a place verie good for [our situation], so we returned to our Ship againe with good newes to the rest of our people, which did much comfort their hearts.”
—William Bradford,
as quoted in Eyewitness to History
 

 26. 
mc026-1.jpg What was the first animal the Pilgrims saw in the Americas?
a.
long grasse
c.
a rabbit
b.
a deer
d.
a fish
 

 27. 
mc027-1.jpg What did Bradford find of which he was “hartily glad”?
a.
a valley full of brush
c.
springs of fresh water
b.
little paths or tracts
d.
divers corne Fields
 

 28. 
mc028-1.jpg What quote from the passage tells you that the Pilgrims were pleased with what
they found?
a.
“we came into a deepe Valley, full of brush, and wood-gaile”
b.
“we . . . sat us downe and drunke our first New England Water”
c.
“we . . . found divers corne Fields and little running Brookes”
d.
“we returned to our Ship againe with good newes”
 

 29. 
mc029-1.jpg Why was it important to the Pilgrims to find fields of corn?
a.
They could build homes.
b.
They would be able to grow food.
c.
There were no Native people in the area.
d.
They would not be vulnerable to flood.
 

 30. 
mc030-1.jpg What did the Pilgrims find?
a.
a suitable place in which to start their new lives
b.
a place where they could establish a hunting ground
c.
a place that would never be able to meet their needs
d.
a place where they would be in constant conflict and need
 
 
“. . . For it is the duty of an astronomer to compose the history of the celestial motions through careful and skillful observation. Then turning to the causes of these motions or hypotheses about them, he must conceive and devise, since he cannot in any way attain to the true causes, such hypotheses as, being assumed, enable the motions to be calculated correctly from the principles of geometry, for the future as well as for the past. The present author has performed both these duties excellently. For these hypotheses need not be true nor even probable; if they provide a calculus consistent with the observations, that alone is sufficient.”
—Copernicus,
as quoted in The Discoverers
 

 31. 
mc031-1.jpg According to Copernicus, what is the first duty of the astronomer?
a.
conceiving
c.
observation
b.
devising
d.
assuming
 

 32. 
mc032-1.jpg An astronomer’s work should explain past astronomical observations as well as
a.
verify hypotheses.
b.
predict future observations.
c.
describe the past.
d.
perform calculus upon observations.
 

 33. 
mc033-1.jpg If an astronomer’s hypotheses provide a calculus consistent with the observations,
a.
the astronomer’s work is sufficient.
c.
the present author is wrong.
b.
the astronomer’s work is faulty.
d.
the observations are wrong.
 

 34. 
mc034-1.jpg How does Copernicus feel about his own work?
a.
unsure
c.
confident
b.
happy
d.
hopeless
 

 35. 
mc035-1.jpg What is the second thing the astronomer does?
a.
observe
c.
hypothesize
b.
conceive and devise
d.
calculate
 
 
nar004-1.jpg
 

 36. 
mc036-1.jpg The Philippines sends which materials to Spain?
a.
colonial supplies
c.
silver
b.
gold
d.
spices and silk
 

 37. 
mc037-1.jpg Which of these is the mother country?
a.
the Philippines
c.
the Americas
b.
Spain
d.
the United Kingdom
 

 38. 
What devices made exploring the seas possible?
a.
maps and rudders
c.
speedometer and telescope
b.
compass and astrolabe
d.
wheels and odometer
 

 39. 
Who mapped the St. Lawrence River?
a.
Jacques Cartier
c.
Hernán Cortés
b.
Christopher Columbus
d.
John Cabot
 

 40. 
Mercantilists believe a country should
a.
export more goods than it imports.
b.
import more goods than it exports.
c.
stop trade.
d.
print lots of paper money.
 

 41. 
What North American food crops became popular in Europe?
a.
wheat and rice
c.
oats and barley
b.
coffee and bananas
d.
corn and potatoes
 

 42. 
The Scientific Revolution began during the
a.
1300s.
c.
1500s.
b.
1400s.
d.
1600s.
 

 43. 
Galileo was tried for heresy because he argued
a.
that heaven did not exist.
b.
that Earth revolved around the sun.
c.
against the law of gravity.
d.
that the sun revolved around Earth.
 

 44. 
Who developed the scientific method?
a.
Sir Issac Newton
c.
Aristotle
b.
William Harvey
d.
Francis Bacon
 

 45. 
Where were most of France and England’s colonies?
a.
South America
c.
Caribbean islands
b.
Central America
d.
North America
 

 46. 
Where was the first permanent English settlement in North America?
a.
New England
c.
Jamestown, Virginia
b.
Manhattan island
d.
Plymouth
 

 47. 
How many English colonies were in North America by the Revolution?
a.
13
c.
15
b.
14
d.
16
 
 
nar005-1.jpg
 

 48. 
mc048-1.jpg Which of the ideas of the Enlightenment period involved accepting religious differences?
a.
natural law
c.
laissez-faire
b.
religious tolerance
d.
reason
 

 49. 
mc049-1.jpg Which idea of the Enlightenment period pertained to dividing government equally
among branches?
a.
deism
c.
natural law
b.
absolutism
d.
separation of powers
 

 50. 
mc050-1.jpg Which of the ideas of the Enlightenment period protected the rights of the people under an agreement between rulers and the people?
a.
separation of powers
c.
deism
b.
social contract
d.
natural law
 
 
Plain general principles are obvious to every one who stops to reflect. . . . I should shrink from the idea of a revolution . . . and I again earnestly repeat the wish, that the wisdom of the legislature may keep pace with the national light. . . . It appears to me that all monarchical, and aristocratical governments, carry within themselves the seeds of their dissolution; for when they become corrupt, and oppressive to a certain degree, the effects must necessarily be . . . revolt.
—Mary Hays, Letters and Essays, Moral and Miscellaneous (1793)
 

 51. 
mc051-1.jpg When Hays wrote of obvious principles, she was referring to the idea of
a.
monarchy.
c.
natural law.
b.
the law of gravity.
d.
corrupt governments.
 

 52. 
mc052-1.jpg What did Hays believe is true of all monarchies?
a.
They are rich.
c.
They have absolute power.
b.
They might fail due to corruption.
d.
They should be admired.
 

 53. 
mc053-1.jpg What did Hays believe might happen when a government becomes corrupt?
a.
The legislature is overthrown.
b.
The ruler is tried in court.
c.
The people revolt.
d.
The people execute the ruler.
 

 54. 
Ptolemy developed a system
a.
to determine true North.
c.
of longitude and latitude.
b.
of democratic government.
d.
of written language.
 

 55. 
Why did the Portuguese bring enslaved Africans to the Cape Verde Islands?
a.
to trade with local people
b.
to harvest cotton
c.
to work in sugarcane fields
d.
to work as household servants
 

 56. 
England and Spain went to war in the 1560s because Spain demanded
a.
that the Dutch remain Catholics.
b.
that the Dutch convert to Protestantism.
c.
that England pay high taxes on trade.
d.
control over the English Channel.
 

 57. 
According to Ptolemy, the sun
a.
revolved around Earth.
c.
was the biggest star.
b.
was the center of the universe.
d.
had many moons.
 

 58. 
What was the first science affected by the Scientific Revolution?
a.
chemistry
c.
geology
b.
astronomy
d.
biology
 

 59. 
What did English doctor William Harvey discover?
a.
germs cause illness
c.
cells
b.
the heart pumps blood
d.
the law of gravity
 

 60. 
Which of the following was written during the Glorious Revolution?
a.
the Declaration of Independence
b.
the Magna Carta
c.
the American Constitution
d.
the English Bill of Rights
 

 61. 
Who was the greatest thinker of the Enlightenment?
a.
Voltaire
c.
Wollstonecraft
b.
Galileo
d.
Plato
 

 62. 
Where did Champlain set up a fur-trading post?
a.
St. Lawrence River
c.
Ontario
b.
Quebec
d.
Jamestown
 

 63. 
In what year did Great Britain recognize American independence?
a.
1770
c.
1783
b.
1776
d.
1789
 
 
nar007-1.jpg
 

 64. 
mc064-1.jpg Which of the steps of the scientific method means to create an explanation of the facts as you see them?
a.
Observe
c.
Test
b.
Hypothesize
d.
Predict
 

 65. 
mc065-1.jpg Which of the following steps is called for after a hypothesis has been tested?
a.
Modify
c.
Experiment
b.
Predict
d.
Observe
 

 66. 
mc066-1.jpg If a person used the scientific method, they would put aside ideas based on
a.
observation.
c.
tradition.
b.
experimentation.
d.
analysis.
 
 
1607. Being thus left to our fortunes, it fortuned [happened] that within ten days scarce ten among us could either go or well stand, such extreme weakness and sickness oppressed us. And thereat none need marvel if they consider the cause and reason, which was this. While the ships stayed, our allowance was somewhat bettered by a daily proportion of biscuits, which the sailors would pilfer [steal] to sell, give, or exchange with us for money . . . But when they departed, there remained neither tavern, beer, house, nor place of relief.
—John Smith, “Starving Time in Virginia”
 

 67. 
mc067-1.jpg The colonists were suffering because they
a.
did not have enough food.
c.
came down with the plague.
b.
were working very hard.
d.
they were low on money.
 

 68. 
mc068-1.jpg Why did the colonists begin to suffer only after the ships left?
a.
They no longer had extra food.
c.
They began to work harder.
b.
The sailors spread smallpox.
d.
They started to visit the tavern.
 

 69. 
mc069-1.jpg How did the sailors help the colonists?
a.
They took the colonists back to England.
b.
They planted crops for the colonists.
c.
They gave the colonists extra food.
d.
They built houses for the colonists.
 

Essay
 

 70. 
What were Mary Wollstonecraft’s views on women and women’s rights?
 

 71. 
What were the Intolerable Acts? What effects did they have on the American colonies?
 

 72. 
Why was Queen Elizabeth I much loved by the English people?
 

 73. 
What is the scientific method? Describe its steps.
 



 
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